OECD Urges Government to Encourage Better Recycling of Plastics

Plastic recycling is failing to reach its full potential as low recovery rates of plastic waste, poor quality of recycled plastic and a lack of price incentives are holding back secondary plastic markets, according to a new report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Given rising public concern over plastic pollution, governments should act urgently to encourage more and better recycling, it says.

The report, "Improving Markets for Recycled Plastics: Trends, Prospects and Policy Responses," attributes the lag in plastic recycling to the fact that it is still cheaper to make new plastic than to produce recycled plastic, partly because of the difficulties involved with separating out different plastic polymers. Moreover, primary plastic can be priced much higher than recycled plastic as it tends to be of much better quality. Issues with the presence of hazardous chemical additives that can survive in recycled plastic also weigh on secondary markets. The world produces around eight times as much new plastic as recycled plastic.

The report calls for stronger incentives for better design of plastic goods to ensure easy recycling, as well as investment in waste collection infrastructure and ensuring that different types of plastic are properly separated at source. It also recommends the introduction of product labels showing recycled content to help create consumer-driven demand for recycled plastics. In some sectors, required levels of recycled content in goods could be set.

The report also suggests heavier taxes on the manufacture or use of new plastics, for example making consumers pay for single-use plastic bags, cutlery or drinking straws.

The widespread use of plastics has brought many benefits; however, their increasingly pervasive use and inadequate disposal also have significant environmental impacts. The manufacture of plastic is highly resource intensive and accounts for 4 percent to 8 percent of global oil and gas consumption. Waste plastics can remain in the environment, harming wildlife and marine creatures, for centuries. Yet globally only around 15 percent of plastic waste is collected for recycling, a quarter is incinerated and the rest ends up in landfill, is burnt in the open air or dumped in nature and oceans.

Recycling rates across different polymers vary greatly across countries. PET and HDPE, which are mostly used for packaging, are recycled at relatively high rates (19 percent to 85 percent), while polypropylene and polystyrene are much less recycled (1 percent to 21 percent). Overall plastic recycling rates range from 30 percent in the EU to 10 percent in the United States. In many developing countries, uncontrolled waste collection and treatment is still prevalent.

Barriers that need to be overcome to properly develop secondary plastic markets include: